AEIS语法笔记:现在分词的小感悟

2018-09-03 16:02 1708513次浏览
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  之前小编就已经陆续分享的关于在AEIS语法学习中的一些知识点的汇总,今天课窝网继续为大家分享一点语法笔记,越到最后越要巩固基础哦。

  现在分词概说

  动词的-ing形式,除了作动名词外,还可以起其他作用,称为现在分词,它在句中可用来:

AEIS语法笔记:现在分词的小感悟

  1) 构成谓语(主要是构成各种进行时态):

  They are doing some pattern practice. 他们在做句型练习。

  She is seeing a friend off. 她在给一个朋友送行。

  2) 构成不定式的进行形式:

  He seems to be worrying about something.

  他似乎在为什么事发愁。

  Walter happened to be working in the next room.

  沃尔特碰巧在隔壁屋里干活。

  3) 作表语:

  The situation is quite encouraging.

  形势很令人鼓舞。

  4) 作定语:

  He found her a charming girl.

  他发现她是位迷人的姑娘。

  5) 构成复合宾语:

  I watched the children flying kites.

  我看孩子们放风筝。

  6) 作状语:

  We spent all day looking for you.

  我们花了一整天找你。

  作为动词,它也可有自己的宾语(a)或状语(b),以构成现在分词短语:

  a. He stood there for two hourswatching the game.

  他在那里站了两个钟头看比赛。

  b. I saw her speaking to a neighbour.

  我看见她和一位邻居讲话。

  间或还可跟表语: Feeling tired, I went to bed. 我感到很累就睡觉了。

  现在分词可有下面这些形式:

  现在分词作表语

  1) 现在分词常可用作表语,特别是那些表示情绪的词:

  The dirty street is disgusting.

  那条肮脏的街道令人厌恶。

  The report is most alarming.

  这份报告很令人惊恐。

  He was very amusing.

  他很有趣。

  This interruption is very annoying.

  这样的打断很让人恼火。

  To us all this was peculiarly distressing.

  对我们来说这一切都特别令人苦恼。

  His concern for his mother is most touching.

  他对母亲的关爱很感人。

  2) 一些表示状态、品质的现在分词也可用作表语:

  The photograph is missing.

  那张照片不见了。

  She is always very obliging.

  她总是乐于助人。

  The reason he gave was not very convincing.

  他给的理由不太有说服力。

  The breeze was cool and refreshing.

  这阵微风很凉爽提神。

  这样用的现在分词很多都已成了形容词。

  现在分词作定语

  1) 上节提到的这类现在分词几乎都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词:

  Mary is an appalling cook.

  玛丽做饭很糟糕。

  Those relations of his are boring people.

  他那些亲属是些讨人嫌的人。

  The experiment was an amazing success.

  那项试验是一个惊人的成功。

  2) 还有一些不及物动词的现在分词,不能用作表语,却可用作定语:

  the ailing economy

  不景气的经济

  a booming town

  日渐繁荣的城市

  dwindling profits

  日益减少的利润

  increasing demand

  日益增长的需求

  a shining example

  光辉的榜样

  a falling star

  流星

  a resounding victory

  辉煌的胜利

  3) 这类定语和构成合成词的动名词是有区别的。

  现在分词往往表示所修饰名词的动作,而动名词表示目的、用途等。

  试比较下面内容:用现在分词作定语由动名词构成的合成词

  flying sauces (=a sauce that flies) 飞碟

  flying suit (a suit one wears when flying)飞行服

  sleeping beauty 睡美人

  sleeping-pills 安眠药片

  the waiting crowd 等候的人群

  the waiting room 候机(车)室

  a walking dictionary 活字典

  a walking stick 手杖

  running water 自来水

  running track 跑道

  the working personnel 员工

  working conditions 工作条件

  a living language 活的语言

  living standard 生活水平

  4) 现在分词还可构成合成形容词作定语:

  long-lasting effects

  长远的影响

  long-standing policy

  传统政策

  an epoch-making event

  划时代的事件

  earth-shattering news

  震撼世界的新闻

  5) 现在分词(短语)还可用在名词后作定语,作用接近一个定语从句:

  a. Here is a leaflet giving (=that gives) full particulars of the plan.

  这里有一份介绍这计划全部细节的宣传单。

  This village is made up of 490 families belonging (=who belonged) to five nationalities. 村子里有四百九十户人家,分属五个民族。

  China stretches across a vast area covering (=which covers) the cold, temperate and tropical zones.

  中国幅员辽阔,包括寒带、温带和热带。

  We are brothers sharing (=who share) weal and woe.

  我们是患难与共的兄弟。

  b. Who is the woman talking (=who is talking) to Jim?

  和吉姆交谈的女人是谁?

  There were 220 children studying (=who were studying) in the art school.

  有二百二十个孩子在这所艺术学校学习。

  在把分词短语改为定语从句时,从句谓语可以是一个一般时态的动词(a),也可以是一个进行时态的动词(b),这从上面的例句中可以看出。

  现在分词构成复合结构

  1) 现在分词可在某些动词后面构成复合宾语:

  I see him passing my house every day.

  我看见他天天从我房前走过。

  His letter left me feeling pretty humble.

  他的信使我感到自己很卑微。

  在listen to和look at后也可跟这种复合宾语:

  I listened to the band playing in the park.

  我听乐队在公园里演奏。

  Just look at the rain pouring down!

  瞧这倾盆大雨!

  在某些动词后,复合宾语可由现在分词或不带to的不定式构成,表示动作正在进行时用现在分词,表示动作完成时用不定式。有时两者都可以用。

  2) 上述结构很多可变为被动形式,这时句中可说包含了一个复合谓语:

  He was found lying on the floor.

  有人发现他躺在地上。

  She was often heard humming this song.

  人们常听见她哼这首歌。

  3) 有些介词后有时也可以跟包含现在分词的复合宾语:

  This is a picture of an old woman kneeling in a temple.

  这张画画的是一位老太太在庙里跪拜。

  He was like an old tree blossoming again.

  他就像古树又开了花。

  4) 下面这类“名(代)词+现在分词”结构也可说是一种复合宾语:

  I can't imagine Grandma riding a motor-bike.

  我想象不出奶奶骑摩托车的样子。

  I can't stop him talking to the press.

  我无法阻止他和新闻界谈话。

  现在分词作状语

  1) 在某些动词(a)或复合谓语(b)后可用现在分词(短语)作状语:

  a. He spent a lot of money modernizing the house.

  他花了很多钱,把房子搞得很新潮。

  We wasted a whole afternoon trying to repair the car.

  我们试着修车浪费了整个下午。

  Sophia sat waiting on the sofa in the sitting-room.

  索菲娅坐在客厅沙发上等着。

  He ran out of the house shouting.

  他喊叫着跑了出来。

  b. The girls are busy making artificial flowers.

  姑娘们在忙着做纸花。

  She was in the kitchen preparing supper.

  她在厨房做晚饭。

  Many vehicles there are idle awaiting repairs.

  许多车辆停在那里等候修理。

  The students were assembled in the school hall celebrating the occasion.

  小学生们聚集在礼堂里庆祝这个日子。

  2) 在不少情况下,现在分词(短语)可表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者说伴随的)动作,这时常有一个逗号把它和句子的主要部分分开,分词短语可以放在句首(a),也可放在后部(b),间或插在中间(c):

  a. Opening the drawer, he took out a box.

  他打开抽屉,拿出一个盒子。

  Taking off our shoes, we crept along the passage.

  我们脱下鞋沿通道慢慢潜行。

  b. She went out, slamming the door.

  她走了出去,砰的一声把门关上。

  An old peasant, bringing his own food, volunteered as guide for us.

  一位老农自带干粮要给我们当向导。

  一般说来,现在分词表示的是句子主语的动作,换句话说,句子主语也是分词的逻辑主语。

  3) 分词短语有时表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句,可以放在前面(a)、后面(b)或中间(c):

  a. Being a student (=As he was a student), he was naturally interested in museums.由于他是学生,他自然对博物馆很感兴趣。

  Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.

  因为没见有人在家,她决定给他们留一个条。

  b. They sent us an open letter, hoping to get our support.

  他们寄给我们一封公开信,希望得到我们的支持。

  He never went out in daylight, fearing that the police would recognize him.

  他白天从不出去,害怕警察会认出他来。

  c. Many of us, being so excited, could not go to sleep that night.

  那一晚上,我们中有很多人激动得都没睡着。

  The doctor, not wishing to alarm her, didn't tell her how serious her conditionwas.

  医生不想让她惊慌,没告诉她病情有多么严重。

  4) 分词短语还可表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句,这有三种情况:

  a. 表示一个动作一发生,另一个动作则随即发生(相当于when引导的从句):

  Turning around (=When she turned around), she saw an ambulance driving up.

  她转过身,看见一辆救护车开了过来。

  Arriving at the worksite, he found them busy laying bricks.

  到达工地时,他看见他们在忙着砌砖。

  b. 表示在做某事的过程中,发生某事或做某事,这时前面仍保留连词when和while:

  They got engaged when travelling in Europe.

  他们在欧洲旅行时订了婚。

  We wear plimsolls when doing physical exercises at school.

  我们在学校运动时都穿帆布球鞋。

  c. 表示上述情况时有也不带连词when或while:

  Coming (=While he was coming) down the mountain, he met Tom on the way.

  他在下山路上碰到了汤姆。

  Jim hurt his arm (while) playing tennis.

  吉姆打网球时手臂受了伤。

  5) 分词短语偶尔也可表示结果:

  Her husband died in 1960, leaving her with 5 children.

  她丈夫死于1960年,给她留下了五个孩子。

  有些表示状态或条件的从句,可以省略一些词,只剩下现在分词和连词一道构成状语:

  He turned round from time to time as if (he was) searching for someone.

  他不时转身望望,仿佛在找什么人似的。

  She paused for a while as though (she was) waiting fora reply.

  她停了一会儿,好像在等候回答。

  If (you're) travelling north, you must change at Leeds.

  如果是向北走,你得在利兹换车。

  Unless (you are) paying by credit card, please pay in cash. 除非你用信用卡付款,否则请付现金。

  关于现在分词短语结构的几个问题

  1) 现在分词的完成形式:现在分词有时需用完成形式,说明它表示的动作在主要谓语表示的动作之前发生,这类短语或是作时间状语(a),或是作原因状语(b):

  a. Having found a hotel, they began to look for a restaurant.

  找到旅馆之后,他们就开始找餐馆。

  Having reviewed his lessons, he went to bed.

  他复习完功课就睡觉了。

  b. Having been ill for two weeks, she felt rather weak.

  由于病了两周,她感到身体很虚弱。

  Having lived there for some time, she knew the place quite well.

  她在那里住过一段时间,因此对那地方很熟悉。

  2) 独立结构:

  有时现在分词可以有自己的逻辑主语,称之为独立结构(Absolute Con-struction):

  The day being fine (=As the day was fine), we decided to go swimming.

  由于天气晴朗,我们决定去游泳。

  It being a holiday (=As it was a holiday), all the shops were shut.

  由于这天是假日,所有商店都关门了。

  We're playing golf this afternoon—weather permitting (=if the weather permits).

  要是天气允许,我们今天下午去打高尔夫球。

  We explored the caves, Peter acting as guide.

  由彼得当向导,我们探察了那些洞穴。

  There being ice on the road, I told the driver to slow down. 路上有冰,我让司机开慢点。

  3) 现在分词构成句子状语:现在分词一般表示句子主语的动作,但作句子状语(说明说话人的看法)时,则情况不是这样:

  Strictly speaking, that school is not very old.

  严格地说,那所学校不算很古老。

  Broadly speaking, adjectives are words that qualify nouns.

  广义地说,形容词是修饰名词的词。

  I think, personally speaking, it's a good idea.

  就我个人来说,我认为这是个好主意。

  Judging by his testimonials, I think he will suit the post.

  从他的推荐信看,我认为他适合这项工作。

  这类状语也可称为独立成分(Independent Element)。

  以上就是小编为大家介绍的关于AEIS英语中的语法笔记及心得,希望对大家有所帮助哦。更多AEIS写作一对一培训、AEIS考试难度等问题,可以咨询我们。

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