拯救雅思语法：容易被忽略的定语从句

　　今天仍然在浓浓的年味气氛中，小编仍先拜年祝福，给大伙的祝福怎么给都给不够!

　　我们今天给大家介绍雅思语法的定于从句问题，主要从定于从句中的关系代词、限定性和非限定性定语从句、介词三方面来解说，为什么队长要从这三方面来说呢，因为根据老师的教学统计，定语从句中出错率最高的就是这三方面。如果还想更深入的了解定语从句，想系统全面的学习，就需要老师根据每个童鞋的情况系统的教授。

　　好啦，下面正式开始今天的知识放送。

　　Relative Clauses定语从句

　　Relative pronouns 关系代词; defining and non-defining relative clauses 限定性和非限定性定语从句; prepositions 介词

　　定语从句描述一个名词(或名词短语)的信息。由关系代词(如who, which)连接名词(或名词短语)。关系代词可以做主语或从句的主语，不需要在从句中使用其他代词来指代该名词。

　　Why not install lights which have a timer? (not Why not install lights which they have a timer?)

　　*我们有时使用分词短语代替定语从句(参考“拯救雅思之：容易被忽略的语法(8)名词短语”)

　　the man sitting beside me ( = the man who is sitting beside me)

　　the food kept in the fridge( = the food which is kept in the fridge)

　　1 Relative pronouns

　　我们使用

　　Ø Who to refer topeople:

　　Please welcome Mike Bowers, who is going to talk to us about how to look after your home.

　　Ø Which to refer to things:

　　These are dangerous if you live in a flat which is in a large high-rise building.

　　Ø That to refer to people or things:

　　Find someone that can check on your home while you’re away.

　　Store away any objects that could become damaging missiles.

　　*that可以替换who 和which，特别是在口语中，that更常用。

　　That不用于非限定性定语从句。

　　Ø Where to refer to places:

　　This is your home, the place where you keep your most treasured possessions.

　　Ø When to refer to times:

　　Programme them to come on at times when you would normally be home.

　　Ø Whose to show possession:

　　You’re a person whose job involves a lot of travel.

　　He lives in an old house, whose roof needs repairing.

　　Ø Why after the reason or reasons:

　　There are often very good reasons why one house is burgled and another is not.

　　2 Defining relativeclauses

　　限定性定语从句在名词之后使用，描述一些使名词含义更为清晰的信息。

　　Find someone who can collect your mail for you.

　　Store away any objects that could become damaging missiles if it gets windy.(the relative clause identifies the type of objects)

　　如果没有定语从句，很多信息(人，地点，物等)表达就很模糊。

　　Store away any objects if it gets windy.(we do not knowwhich objects)

　　当关系代词指代的是限定性从句的宾语，我们可以省略关系代词。

　　Maybe there’s a neighbor (that) you can ask.(neighbor is the object of the verb)

　　In the evening, a house that’s very dark can really stand out.(house is the subject of the verb: not a house is very darkcan really stand out)

　　3 Non-definingrelative clauses

　　非限定性定语从句增加了额外的，非必须的信息。比较以下句子：

　　I applied to the university, which is located in the centre of the city.(there is only one university, soits location is extra information: non-defining)

　　I applied to the university which is located in the centre of the city.(there is another university which is not in the centre of the city: defining)

　　相比口语来说，非限定性定语从句在书面语中使用更为广泛。

　　非限定性定语从句注意以下几个方面：

　　Ø We do not use the relative pronoun that:

　　The burglars got in through the kitchen window, which the owners had forgotten to shut.(not the kitchen window, that the owners)

　　Ø We separate the relative clause from the main clause with commas. There may be two commas or one comma depending on whether the relative clause comesin the middle of a sentence or at the end:

　　A letterbox can become full of uncollected letters, which is a great help to a burglar.

　　Mr Smith, who was my primary school teacher, got married last week.

　　Ø We cannot leave out the relative pronoun:

　　My new house, whichI have just redecorated, is much larger than my oil house.(notMy new house, I have justredecorated)

　　Ø The relative pronoun can refer to a single noun phrase or to a whole clause:

　　My neighbor, who lives upstairs, often looks after my flat.(who refers to my neighbor)

　　Some people seem to think it’s justa matter of locking all the doors, which is fine as long as there are no nasty storms while you are away.(which refers to the whole of the first phrase)

　　4 Prepositions

　　在口语表达中，当定语从句使用介词时，介词通常出现在从句句末。

　　You may have a neighbor that you can rely on.(informal)

　　在正式表达中，介词用于关系代词which或whom之前。

　　I was unsuccessful in obtaining a place at any of theuniversities to which I applied.

　　My boss, for whom Ihave worked for over 30years, has decided to retire.

　　语法扩充: 关系代词常用搭配

　　我们常在限定性定语从中使用the one这种表达：

　　He’s the one whosuggested I became a teacher.

　　My father is the onethat taught me to play the piano.

　　That house is theone where I grew up.

　　The situation, the stage或the point这类表达后可以使用where:

　　We were in asituation where there were no easy solutions.

　　I’m almost at thestage where I’m ready to quit my job and go into business for myself.

　　I’ve reached thepoint where I feel I should just give up.

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