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对于英文写作来说，更好的方法是自己在阅读中总结句型，构建属于自己的语料库。外刊就是一种非常合适的材料，因为外刊有不少文章属于议论文，这与考场英语作文的要求是相契合的。今天课窝网继续和大家分享关于雅思考试中的外刊阅读吧。
Research demonstrates no link can confidently be made between violent video games and gun violence.
研究人员指出没有明确证据表明枪支暴力与暴力电子游戏有关系
In the wake oftherecent school shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, policymakers haveplaced increased emphasis onviolent video games asa probablecause ofgun violence.The picture that the academic literature paints, however, isstarklydifferent.Far fromconclusivelyproving thatviolent video games cause school shootings,the state of the artin violent video game researchinsteaddemonstrates that no link can be confidently be made between these things.
This wasn't always the case. In the late 1990s and 2000s,it seemed increasingly certain thatplaying violent video games led to violent behavior among both children and adults. A series of landmark studies showed clearcorrelationsover several thousand individuals: The more someone played violent video games, the more likely they would be to displayantisocialbehavior, and the more likely they would be to commit acts of violence.
注释
这几段作者指出政府决策者认为暴力游戏是导致反社会暴力甚至枪击事件的诱导因素之一，然而学者和科学家对此持反对意见，指出这种说法没有明确地根据。
In the wake of 紧紧跟随，伴随而来的，作为……的结果
placed increased emphasis on 加大对……的关注，强调
probable 可能的
a cause of 一个……的原因
starkly 明显的，严酷的
conclusively 决定性地，确定地
the state of the art……最新相关技术、水平
confidently 肯定地；自信地
it seemed increasingly certain that 越来越肯定的是
correlations 关联
antisocial 反社会的
The picture thatthe academic literaturepaints, however, isstarklydifferent.
然而，学术文献谱写出来的图画却明显不同。
这句话用了修辞的手法用academic literature代替了人，用了paint the picture这种更巧妙的表达法，使语言更加灵活。这句话简单解释就是，然而专家学者们的意见却明显的不同。
Far fromconclusively proving that violent video games cause school shootings,the state of the art in violent video game research instead demonstrates that no link can be confidentlybe made between these things.
这远远不能证实暴力电子游戏导致校园枪击案，最新相关研究表明没有明确线索指出二者有关系。
However,academicsknew that just looking at correlationswas not sufficient to provea causal link between video games and violence. In order to do this, controlled experimental research was necessary. Early experiments did indeed suggest that the violence in video games led to violent behavior.
In recent years, however, a growing number of academicshave voiced concerns aboutthevalidityof this perspective.Correlations which confidently proclaimed that gaming led to violent behavior were shown tolikelybe thespuriousby-productof factors such as family violence.
Follow-upstudies which attempted to look at correlations in a morerigorousfashion found a relationship between violent video game play and violence that was close to zero percent. Academics noted that violent video game usage had risendramaticallyin recent years, but youth violence had not risen at a similar rate – it had, in fact, declined. Accusations of publication bias in the academic literatureabounded.
注释
作者指出游戏与暴力的关系并没有充分的证据证明，反而家庭暴力是导致暴力行为的重要因素之一。
academics 专家学者们
have voiced concerns about 对……深表担忧，表示忧虑
validity 合法性，正当性
proclaim 声明，宣告
spurious 伪造的，假的，欺骗的
by-product 副产品
Follow-up 后续的
Rigorous 严密，缜密的
abound 充满，富余，大量涌现
Correlations which confidently proclaimed that gaming led to violent behavior were shown to likelybe the spuriousby-product of factors such as family violence.
那些自信宣称游戏是导致暴力的证据，被证实极有可能是家庭暴力等其他暴力造成的，而游戏只是背锅侠。
在表示观点陈述的时候，注意对于表示程度的形容词probable，certain，sufficient以及副词confidently,conclusively, increasingly，likely，dramatically的运用，能使句子陈述的时候更严谨准确，正如这里a probable cause of; it seemed increasingly certain that…; it is not sufficient to prove that…这些句型可以多加运用。
Most damningly, seriousflawswere found in thewell-regardedlaboratory experiments which were supposed toconclusivelydemonstrate that playing violent video games led to violent behaviour. These studieshinged on the ideathat one group of people would be given a violent game, whilst others would be given a nonviolent game.After play, measurements of factors like aggressive thoughts would be taken, allowing researchers to see what the violence in games did to people in a morefine-tunedway than just looking at correlations in society.
On furtherscrutiny, it was revealed that the games used in these experiments varieddramatically. Typically, the violent games that researchers used weresignificantlymore difficult and complex than the nonviolent games.Thus, increases in aggression amongst people who had played the violent games might not be due to violent content at all – it might simply be because these games were frustratingly difficult.
注释
作者指出测试实验的弊端，暴力游戏往往更难更复杂。这导致了实验结果存在偏差。
flaw 缺陷
well-regarded 有名望的，受好评的
fine-tune 调整，使有规则，对进行微调
scrutiny 监视，详细查审
After play,measurements of factors like aggressive thoughts would be taken, allowing researchers to see what the violence in games did to people in a more fine-tuned way than just looking at correlations in society.
游戏体验过后，（实验对象）的好斗想法等会被测量记录，这能够让研究人员用更合理的方式去观察游戏中的暴力因素，而并不仅仅是看游戏与社会的关系。
Thus, increases in aggression amongst people who had played the violent games might not be due to violent content at all – it might simply be because these games werefrustratingly difficult.
因此，人们越来越好斗可能并不是暴力游戏里面的暴力内容造成的，或许是因为这些游戏都让人沮丧地困难。
hinge on… 本来意思为依靠；取决于…；以…为转移, 这里These studies hinged on the ideathat这里可以理解为“这些研究建立在某个观念基础上”。
Academics attempted to re-run these experiments andreplicatetheir results. When the experiments were concluded, they returned 'null' results, indicating that no link between violent content and violent behaviour could be confidently found.More researchers came forward to argue that these null results had always existed – but had beensuppressedby a field that was focused on the existence of a link between violent behaviour and violent games.
注释
replicate 重复，复制
suppress 压制，镇压
Academics attempted to re-run these experiments andreplicatetheir results. When the experiments were concluded, they returned 'null' results, indicating that no link between violent content and violent behaviour could be confidently found.
学者们尝试去重新做实验并复制结果。但当实验结果验收时，他们又发现答案仍是无解。这说明了暴力的内容和暴力行为的直接联系并没有被找到。
My own researchtallies withthis perspective. I have run video game experiments on over 4,000 participants, where theywere tasked withplaying first-person shooters, run-and-gun games, role-playing games and violent driving games.The experiments tested if there are any links between the violent content of video games and theprimingof aggressive thoughts in adults in the mostrigorousways possible.Across all of these experiments I have not found any evidence that such a link exists.
One group of academics standsfirm on the position thatviolent video games are currently a legitimate source of danger to modern society. Another group of academicsprovides compelling arguments aboutwhy there is little convincing evidence thatthis is the case.
注释
作者介绍了自己的研究，并指出研究人员们对结果存在分歧。
tally with 与…相符，与…一致，与…吻合
be tasked with 被委派任务; 委以重任
priming 启动；激发；装填
rigorous 严密的；缜密的
The experiments tested if there are any links between the violent content of video games and the priming of aggressive thoughts in adultsin the most rigorousways possible.
这些实验测试想要用最严谨的方式，看看电子游戏的暴力内容是否可能与激发成年人好斗想法有联系。
注意作者这里引出两方观点的表达法，One group firm on the position that…another group provides compelling arguments about…这个用法比较灵活巧妙，尤其是在简要表述两方观点的时候，值得借鉴。
this is the case情况就是这样；事实就是如此，这里there is little convincing evidence that this is the case意为“几乎没有足够的证据说事实就是如此”。还可以引导从句this is the case that…/ this is especially the case that; 或者if引导的从句，If this is the case: 如果这样的话。
This group challenges the veryvalidityof the research methods that theiropponentsrely on. They claim that the theory of video game violenceis built on rottenfoundations.There is currently no clear winner in sight in this contest for the future of video games. Both perspectives are well-represented in the academic literature. If you pick up a copy of a relevant journal (such asComputers in Human Behavior) and flick through the last few issues, you will almost certainly find researchers supporting both, radically opposed, perspectives. This degree of uncertainty and lack of consensus is extraordinary.It is not the normin most fields of scientific research.
注释
对于电子游戏与暴力行为之间的关系，由于不确定的因素太多，学术界很难达成共识。这种分歧在其他的研究中是很少见的。
validity 有效，效力
opponent 对手
rotten 腐烂的；堕落的；恶臭的
norm 规范，准则，常态
bebuilt on 相当于be based on,以……为基础，写文时二者可以替换使用。
What does this mean for policy-makers?In essence, the research field is intumult. It is currently unclear whether violent video games play any role at all in causing gun violence. There is currently no evidence inthe literature which anyone can confidently use to causally link violent video game play and school shootings.Anyone who does so is almost certainlyoverstatingtheir case.Policymakers shouldbear this in mindwhen making decisions.
注释
作者陈述了自己的观点，电子游戏直接关系到暴力与校园枪击的说法存在夸张的成分，政府不应该这么快就下结论。
In essence 本质上
Tumult 吵闹，骚乱
Overstate 夸大
bear this in mind 牢记于心
Anyone who does so is almost certainlyoverstatingtheir case.
任何认为电子游戏与之有关的几乎可以断定是夸大其实了。
这段可以做为结尾段陈述观点和solution的学习文段。文段先分别概括了前面的两点，第一，游戏与暴力没有明确关系：“It is currently unclear whether…”第二，校园枪击与游戏没有关系：“There is currently no evidence in……”最后引出了作者自己的看法。
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